Sport specialization in children

Sport specialization in children Youth Sport Specialization Abstract Children should be encouraged to participate in a lot of different physical activities to develop a wide range of skills. Safety is an important factor of why sport specialization is such a big research topic. This paper will look at the research to determine at what age is the most beneficial for a youth athlete to specialize in one sport. The term â€Å"sport specialization† is defined as intense year round training in a single sport with the exclusion of other sports at a very young age. The myth of the only way to master a skill is 10,000 hours of practice will be looked at and what affects that might have on child as opposed to a more mature athlete. Keywords: Sport specialization, year-round training, burnout. Youth sport participation proves a rewarding experience for young athletes in which they can develop psychological, social, and physical benefits. It can also for some athletes serve as an opportunity to cultivate athletic talent similarly to school cultivating knowledge. The problem is that athletic talent development and the process how that occurs is misunderstood and it often results in unsuitable practices. Sport specialization is one way that young athletic talent can be abused. Sport specialization has been going on for years. With the new technology and advances in the medical field new research has been going on to determine what is the appropriate age group a person should start specializing in their specific sport to one day achieve a professional contract. â€Å"Sport scientists have reported that there are critical periods in the life of a young athlete in which the effects of training can be maximized† (Leite Sampaio, 2012). Over the last twenty years the practice of specializing in one sport on a year-round basis has increased. In a survey of 152 high schools athletic directors over 70 percent of them felt that sport specialization was on the rise (Hill Simons, 1989). Some of the important factors contributing the increase in sport specialization included: pressure from coaches, athlete’s want to participate in championships, an emphasis on specialization in the area the athlete lived, the high expectations of parents, and encouragem ent from college recruiters. The exact number of young athletes specializing today is not exactly known even though research shows that it is on the rise. Concerns over specialization include that athletic performance cannot be narrowed down to a specific age in childhood and correlate directly to performance at a later age. According to Weirsma, â€Å"98% of athletes who specialize will never reach the highest levels of the sport (2000). From the perspective of sociology early specialization can isolate the young athlete from friends and hinder normal identity development. Early specialization is also thought to be related to an increase in burnout or withdrawal from sport as a result of prolonged stress. One of the theories grabbed by pro specialization people is Ericsson’s 10,000 hours of deliberate practice (1996). The most important question is what age should young athletes specialize in a specific sport? Researchers and professionals are concerned that specialization is happening at too young of an age. Preliminary evidence shows that early specialization has little advantages, but it may also have negative psychological, social, and physical effects on young kids. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2000) ask for caution when it comes to early specialization. They also stress the importance of providing young athletes and coaches recommendations and knowledge to help them with avoiding the negative effects of early specialization. One of the key terms used in sport specialization is â€Å"year-round training†. This term is used for young athletes who are involved in A.A.U. or club sports that operate outside of a student’s school team sports. This is seen in basketball, volleyball, and soccer. Swimming and gymnastics are the outliers when it comes to sports. Gymnastics is proven that a child at a younger age is more flexible and can teach train their bodies to participate in the sport at high level at a young age. Most athletes who dedicate their young lives to gymnastics will stop when they hit puberty due to their body not being able to keep the flexibility they had when they were younger or they become burnout on the sport. Another key term used is â€Å"burnout†. Burnout occurs when the athlete either becomes bored with the sport or the outside stress put on the athlete by parents and coaches becomes too much for the athlete to handle and they drop out of the sport. For the future this topic of sport specialization will become evident with the students and athletes that I will be over as an athletic director. In high school I will see students either not wanting to participate in sports due to their previous experience in sports or I will have students with constant injuries due to their specialization in a specific sport. It is important to continually be looking at research so that I can hopefully educate my parents that I will be in contact with daily as well as the coaches that I will be conversing with directly. It is vital that my parents understand the potential issues and problems sport specialization can have on their son or daughter. It is also going to require discretion when I have these conversations with adults. There needs to be understand that the parents have sacrificed a lot of money, time, and miles so that their child can succeed in sports. Some parents may be open to hearing the research on the topic and others may be angry with even the suggestion that what they are choosing to do with their child is wrong. One idea is to post the research found on the school’s website along with other major issues seen in schools and sports across the United States. This will allow the parents the option to understand themselves what the research is saying about specific topics such as sport specialization and it can help them make decisions according to what they interpret from the research. It would be ideal to internship with a local middle school and high school athletic director to see what their day to day life is like during the school year and summer. This experience will help with the understanding of dealings with other schools, scheduling of games and referees, dealings with athletes, coaches, and parents directly, as well as what it takes to be in a highly touted position. It would also be interesting to ask questions of people in the athletic director position on tough decisions they have had to m ake and why they chose one decision over the other. I foresee the internship as a priceless experience that can answer a lot of questions as well as show the ins and outs of what it takes to be an athletic director in the area. In conclusion sport specialization is important for any athlete to become elite. As the research points out the hard part is pinpointing the age at which a child should specialize. The whole issue with specialization is raised because of safety. The most important goal of any coach, parent, or athletic director is safety. When the safety of the athlete is compromised it can be detrimental to the athletes psyche emotionally and physically. As long as the athlete’s safety is held in the highest regard then the job is done. Hopefully as more research comes to light on sport specialization parents, coaches, and athletic directors will use it to keep the athlete safe because life after sports is more important than the short term sporting career most athletes will have. References AAP Advises Against Early Sports Specialization. (2000).Physician Sportsmedicine,28(8), 15. Intensive Training and Sports Specialization in Young Athletes. (2000).Pediatrics,106(1), 154. Baker, J., Cobley, S., Fraser-Thomas, J. (2009). What do we know about early sport specialization? Not much!.High Ability Studies,20(1), 77-89. doi:10.1080/13598130902860507 Bodey, K. J., Judge, L. W., Hoover, J. V. (2013). Specialization in Youth Sport: What Coaches Should Tell Parents.Strategies (08924562),26(1), 3-7. Callender, S. S. (2010). The Early Specialization of Youth in Sports.Athletic Training Sports Health Care: The Journal For The Practicing Clinician,2(6), 255-257. Capranica, L., Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2011). Youth Sport Specialization: How to Manage Competition and Training?.International Journal Of Sports Physiology Performance,6(4), 572-579. Christianson, P., Deutsch, J. (2012). Making a Case for Early Sport Specialization in Youth Athletes.Journal Of Youth Sports,6(2), 3-6. Clarke, N. J., Harwood, C. G. (2014). Parenting experiences in elite youth football: A phenomenological study.Psychology Of Sport Exercise,15(5), 528-537. Gonà §alves, C. B., Rama, L. L., Figueiredo, A. B. (2012). Talent Identification and Specialization in Sport: An Overview of Some Unanswered Questions.International Journal Of Sports Physiology Performance,7(4), 390-393. Hill, G. M., Simons, J. (1989). A study of the sport specialization on high school athletics. Journal of Sport Social Issues, 13(1), 1-13. Leite, N. C., Sampaio, J. E. (2012). Long-Term Athletic Development Across Different Age Groups and Gender from Portuguese Basketball Players.International Journal Of Sports Science Coaching,7(2), 285-300. McLeod, T. V., Decoster, L. C., Loud, K. J., Micheli, L. J., Parker, J. T., Sandrey, M. A., White, C. (2011). National Athletic Trainers Association Position Statement: Prevention of Pediatric Overuse Injuries.Journal Of Athletic Training (National Athletic Trainers Association),46(2), 206-220. Mostafavifar, A. M., Best, T. M., Myer, G. D. (2013). Early sport specialisation, does it lead to long-term problems?.British Journal Of Sports Medicine,47(17), 1060-1061. NYLAND, J. (2014). Coming to Terms With Early Sports Specialization and Athletic Injuries.Journal Of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy,44(6), 389-390. Russell, W. D. (2014). The Relationship between Youth Sport Specialization, Reasons for Participation, and Youth Sport Participation Motivations: A Retrospective Study.Journal Of Sport Behavior,37(3), 286-305. Wall, M., Cà ´t, J. (2007). Developmental activities that lead to dropout and investment in sport.Physical Education Sport Pedagogy,12(1), 77-87. doi:10.1080/17408980601060358 Wiersma, L.D., (2000). Risks and benefits of youth sport specialization: Perspectives and recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, 13-22.

Julius Caesar :: English Literature Essays

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was a big Dictator. He was very power hungry and wanted to be in charge of everything he did. He was assonated for being to power hungry he was thought of a threat to the senate in result assonated by the senate. Julius Caesar’s was a dictator throughout his political years. Julius Caesar was born on July13th 100BCE to Gaius and Auriliea. Julius Caesar has been involved in politics as early of 20 years old. . When Julius was little he lived in the worst time of the Roman. The city was attacked numerous of times. Government and religious positions when he was around 20 years Julius’s the ruler of Rome was Caius Marius. Marius Marring his father’s sister related Julius to the ruler. Marius left Rome because he became unpopular. Julius’s father became praetor and later became Governor. As you can see from reading this paragraph you can see that some people were involved in politic Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March also known as March 15th 44 one is that was witnessed by Julius Caesar’s biographer he was also present at the murder of Julius Caesar’s murder. The Senate very well planed the murder of Julius Caesar. They got Julius’s best friend Brutus. They had sixty people and Marcus Julius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Brutus Albinus, and Gaius Trebonius stared charging at Julius with dagger at least stabbing him twenty- three times, when stabbing him they were standing on the base of the pompey statue. Every one stabbed him at least once. After killing Julius Caesar the senators fled. The senators killed him because he was trying to become king. As you can see Julius Caesar had an unexpected death. Julius Caesar was a big dictator and was very power hungry. Julius Caesar entered the political era part of his life through 77-59 BCE. Julius Caesar had numerous of political jobs such as General of Rome, Statesmen, Consol, and head of roman army. Julius Caesar was part of the triconsols that held one of his biggest enemies Pompey. He was elected Consol in 59 BCE the next year appointed govenor of Rome. Julius Caesar’s Dictator era started at 47 and ended 44. Julius Caesar had such a powerful army when defeating Pompey’s army he fled to Egypt. Then he followed him to Egypt to meet him man to man but when he arrived the King of Egypt, Ptomeley the 13th, already killed him.

Running Head: Multinational Corporation

General motors is a multinational corporation that was begun in 1908 by William Durant.   It has ever since extended its services to several foreign countries including Mexico. It is the world’s largest known company for manufacturing of automobile (Cray & Chrome 1980).Its outstanding business activities in Mexico are among others, provision of high quality Products in order to remain competitive in the global economy.   The leaders inGeneral Motors have also invented business plans that enable them to reduce the costs of the  Intensive engineering, prototyping as well as tooling activities they operates in Mexico(http://www.gm.com)  The General motors management team has established a net working program for hiring new employees so as to facilitate manufacturing and marketing of heir automobiles.   The corporation has also expanded an initiative known as jumpstart in Mexico whose main goals are to indoctrinate those who have been newly hired into the corporationsâ⠂¬â„¢ culture and to give them a chance of meeting employees in other parts of the corporation so as to get exposed to the corporations’ business leaders (Cray & Chrome, 1980).   This ensures smooth running of the business activities since high employee relation is established and maintained.General motors operations on the host country, Mexico, has some comparative advantages. Compared to the US, labor costs in Mexico are much lower and therefore General Motors Corporation stands a good chance in Mexico as opposed to US since it cheaply obtain its parts production. At the same time General Motors Corporation in Mexico does not encounter stiff competition for skills and technology from many automobile companies than it could encounter in the US (Maurice, 1995).This is well explained by the fact that US is believed to gain those jobs that require high skills and technology as it trades with Mexico.   This indicates that most of the scientists and engineers who have the req uired skills and technology secure jobs in the General motors corporation (Lance & Ian 1998). Since it is a well paying and established compensations compared to any other automobile corporation in the country.The environmental issues that prevailed during the on set of the General Motors Corporation in Mexico such as rising costs of health care as well as pension costs really affected rapid growth of the company. General motors however, have worked on these issues through working extensively with the Workers Union on ways for trimming down the health  care costs for the workers their families as well as the retirees (http:delphi.com/about/social/)Although General Motors Corporation in Mexico was well established, it also faced stiff and competitive pressure form the other automobile companies.   This could lead to lower sales than expected by the management and overall economic strain to the company. However, General Motors Company have embarked on innovation ever since and it has expanded computer as well as electronic content on their vehicles (Lorean & John, 1980).   It has also extended its recruitment to cover most technologically advanced countries like China, Europe and India hence acquiring high skilled scientists and engineers.There is also the issue of globalization that entirely has benefited the General Motors Corporation.   It has been much easier for the company to get access to the technology that is being developed around the world (Jagdish, 2004). In Defense of Globalization.Oxford University Press.   The different scientists and engineers recruited by the General Motors from diverse cultures influence the culture of the host country, Mexico. The stiff competition brought in by globalization has also made it difficult for the Mexico-based automobile companies to compete in the market especially the small companies (Frederick, 1947)Resolving these issues has serious financial commitment and long-term expenses especially when the high skilled scientists and engineers demand for better salaries.The Acme motors should put in place strong criteria upon which its workers are hired or employed so as to improve and maintain supply of high quality automobiles to its clients. The workers should be able to conduct thorough research and be technologically innovative so as to enable Acme motors compete sufficiently in the global market.References.Cray, E. & Chrome C. (1980). General Motors and Its Time. New York: McGraw-Hill.Cray, E. & Chrome C. (1980).A History of General Motors. New York: Smithmark  De Lorean & John Z. (1980).On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.David M. (2003).What the Market Does to People: Privatization, Globalization, and Poverty.   Clarity Press.Frederick H. (1947). Patterns of Union-Management Relations: United Automobile Workers (CIO), General Motors.Science Research Associates.Jagdish B. (2004). In Defense of Globalization.Oxford. University Press.Maurice E. (1995).Electronic Technology, Corporate Strategy, and World Transformation.Quorum Books.Lance D. & Ian M. (1998).Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology.  Ã‚   Routledge.Retrieved on 24th 2008, from http://www.gm.comRetrieved on 24th January 2008Retrieved on 24th January 2008, from http://delphi.com/about/social/

The Character Development Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark...

The character development of Huckleberry Finn from Mark Twain’s piece, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† reflects the transition from boyhood to manhood of the main protagonist who is challenged by society to either maintain his own unique perspective and attitude or assimilate into a civilized community that upholds traditional White-American beliefs. Similarly, Kate Chopin in her novel â€Å"The Awakening,† utilizes fictional storytelling to articulate the internal struggle of Edna Pontellier on her quest to part from her conventional role as a woman and for the first time since youth, pursue her self interests. Chopin’s work targets current social understanding of morality and ethics, removing the notion that you have to abide by what society demands from you based on predetermined unjustified reason. The development of the characters’ identity in these texts reciprocate the complex nature of living life with society pushing down on you with standards and expectations, challenging your own thoughts and visions. This a persistent topic that Chopin and Twain, both engage in explaining through storytelling to highlight current social issues, where they indirectly reference the American Civil War and Women’s Rights Movement during the mid to late eighteen hundreds. The social conflict in Huckleberry Finn examines the nature of an individual’s process to gain consciousness about their role in life, which enables them to do what they consider morally just. This thinking is alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1423 Words   |  6 Pagessecret slavery is still going on. In this book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was a prime example of how most children were raised to be and how it produced a wrong perception on slaves. 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Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn expresses the American experience and captures the same idea of acquiring freedom, both physical and mental escape, through the characters Huckleberry Finn and Jim, who both physically escape their dangerous and threatening living arrangements, and the raft that aides Huckleberry and Jim in their quest and exploration of themselves and a new life. The concept of the